Here is everything to know about verbs in Latin
Every verb has four principle parts. These are what you will find in a dictionary.
video - first person singular active indicative
videre - present infinitive
visi - first person singular active indicative
visus - supine (used for participles and such)
To conjugate a verb, you take the appropriate form, remove the ending (leaving you with the stem), and add on the correct one. Present, imperfect, and future endings take the stem of the first principle part; perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect take the third principle part.
Every verb belongs to one of four conjugations, which sometimes changes how they conjugate. You can tell what conjugation a verb is by looking at its first two principle parts.
First conjugation - -o, -are (e.g. porto, portare)
Second conjugation - -eo, -ere (e.g. video, videre)
Third conjugation - -o, -ere (e.g. dico, dicere)
Fourth conjugation - -io, -ire (e.g. audio, audire
| . | Present | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future (1st/2nd conjugation) | Future (3rd/4th conjugation) | Future Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person Singular | -o | -bam | -i | -eram | -bo | -am | -ero |
| 2nd Person Singular | -s | -bas | -isti | -eras | -bis | -es | -eris |
| 3rd Person Singular | -t | -bat | -it | -erat | -bit | -et | -erit |
| 1st Person Plural | -mus | -bamus | -imus | -eramus | -bimus | -emus | -erimus |
| 2nd Person Plural | -tis | -batis | -istis | -eratis> | -bitis | -etis | -eritis |
| 3rd Person Plural | -nt | -bant | -erunt | -erant | -bunt | -ent | -erint |
| . | Present | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future (1st/2nd conjugation) | Future (3rd/4th conjugation) | Future Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person Singular | -or | -bar | -us sum | -us eram | -bor | -ar | -us ero |
| 2nd Person Singular | -ris | -baris | -us es | -beris | -bis | -ris | -us eris |
| 3rd Person Singular | -tur | -batur | -us est | -erat | -bitur | -tur | -us erit |
| 1st Person Plural | -mur | -bamur | -i sumus | -eramus | -bimur | -mur | -i erimus |
| 2nd Person Plural | -mini | -bamini | -i estis | -eratis | -bimini | -mini | -i eritis |
| 3rd Person Plural | -ntur | -bantur | -i sunt | -erant | -bintur | -ntur | -i erint |
Note that the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect are just the supine form, plus the present, imperfect, and future forms of esse (to be) respectively. The "-us" and "-i" endings therefore change depending on what they agree with, and are included only as placeholders.
| . | Present | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person Singular | -em | -res | -erim | -issem |
| 2nd Person Singular | -es | -res | -eris | -isses |
| 3rd Person Singular | -et | -ret | -erit | -isset |
| 1st Person Plural | -emus | -remus | -erimus | -issemus |
| 2nd Person Plural | -etis | -retis | -eritis | -issetis |
| 3rd Person Plural | -ent | -rent | -erint | -issent |
| . | Present | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person Singular | -ar | -erer | -us sim | -us essem |
| 2nd Person Singular | -aris | -ereris | -us sis | -us esses |
| 3rd Person Singular | -atur | -eretur | -us sit | -us esset |
| 1st Person Plural | -amur | -eremur | -i simus | -i essemus |
| 2nd Person Plural | -amini | -eremini | -i sitis | -i essetis |
| 3rd Person Plural | -antur | -erentur | -i sint | -i essent |
Again, perfect, and pluperfect are just the supine form, plus the present and imperfect subjunctive forms of esse respectively.
Present infinitive: -re
Perfect infinitve: -isse (attached to perfect stem)
Future infinitive: -urus (a, um) esse
Participles are verbs that look and behave like adjectives, and hence have to agree with the noun they are connected to.
Perfect passive participles (having been ...ed): supine stem plus adjective endings
Present participles (...ing): -ns or -nt, plus 3rd declension endings
Future participles (intending to .../ about to ...: amaurus (a, um)
Perfect active participles (having ...ed - only used for deponent verbs): perfect/supine, plus endings e.g. hortatus
A gerund is a verb made into a noun, translated as "...ing". It is formed by taking the present participle of the verb, replacing the "s" with a "d", and adding the appropriate 2nd declension neuter ending e.g. amandum (loving). Note that gerunds are always singular, and active.
A gerundive is a verb made into an adjective, translated as "to be ...ed". It is formed in the same way as a gerund, except you add the appropriate adjectival ending instead of the noun one e.g. amandus (to be loved). Note that gerundives always have a passive meaning, and must sometimes be translated differently e.g. must be ...ed, ought to be ...ed, fit to be ...ed, etc.