Ablative Absolute: describes the situation surrounding the action e.g. leone viso, discedi (with the lion having been seen, I left)
Ablative of Manner: describes how an action is done e.g. cum celeritate venit (it came with speed). Normally uses cum, except when a limiting adjective is used.
Ablative of Comparison: acts as the than in a comparative e.g. regina rege pulcherior est (the queen is prettier than the king).
Instrumental Ablative: describes the means by which an action is done e.g. occulis video (I see with eyes).
Dative of Advantage/ Disadvantage/ Reference: describes to whose prejudice or benefit an action is done e.g. tibi aras (you farm for yourself).
Dative of Agent: used with the gerundive to describe on whom the necessity rests e.g. mihi est provincia defendenda (the province is for me to defend).
Possessive Dative: used with esse to denote possession e.g. est mihi pater (I have a father).
Partitive Genitive: describes a part of a whole e.g. satis temporis (enough time).
Purpose Clause: in order to (not), i.e. describes why an action was done, formed by using ut, or ne with a subjunctive.
Result/ Consecutive Clause: describes the (not necessarily intended) consequences of an action, formed by using ut or ut non with a subjunctive.
Indirect Question: uses an interrogative with the sujunctive.
Indirect Speech: uses the accusative, with an infinitive e.g. dico eum videre (I say that he sees).
Clause of Fearing: uses a verb of fearing with ut or ne and a subjunctive.